Neural Mechanisms of Smartphone Use, ADHD, and Dopamine Dysregulation: Implications for Cognitive Function and Attention

Abstract

The pervasiveness of smartphones in contemporary society has redefined human cognition, affecting attention, memory, and choice. At the core of this interaction is the brain's dopaminergic system, which underlies reward processing and reinforcement learning. Dopamine release, triggered by random digital stimuli in the form of notifications and social media feedback, creates a cycle of compulsive phone use, akin to behavioral reinforcement processes in addictive disorders foreshadowing an extreme impact on the dopaminergic system of the brain.. Meanwhile, ADHD is characterized by dysregulated dopamine signaling in key neural circuits, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), striatum, and midbrain structures. The neurobiological convergence of ADHD and problematic smartphone use indicates that attention-deficit individuals might be especially susceptible to technology overuse. This article discusses the interaction between dopamine dysregulation caused by smartphone use and neural mechanisms of ADHD, with special reference to cognitive functioning and attentional control. Elucidating these interactions can provide insight into the impact of contemporary technology on cognitive functioning and guide interventions to prevent its possible negative effects.